Online Nursing

Heart Failure Heart failure (HF) is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to organ failure, weakness, and difficulty breathing. It is when the heart cannot supply adequate blood flow to the body to meet its metabolic requirements. HF is caused by systemic diseases, genetic abnormalities, and structural or functional issues in the heart, causing decreased cardiac output or increased pressure within heart chambers during activity or rest. This is a condition characterized by symptoms like difficulty breathing, swelling in the ankles, and fatigue. Signs of heart failure may include an increase in jugular venous pressure, crackling sounds in the lungs, and swelling in the extremities. The treatment of heart failure patients often requires a multifaceted approach, which may include medications, the use of medical devices, and even heart transplantation. Patients diagnosed with HF with Reduced Ejection Fraction should receive Angiote

 Diabetic Retinopathy  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a potentially fatal eye condition associated with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can cause damage to blood vessels in the retina, resulting in vision impairment and even blindness. The disorder, which affects several regions of the eye, is considered irreversible.  The number of people worldwide who are blind due to diabetic retinopathy has increased from 0.2 million to 0.4 million. Approximately 35.4% of diabetic patients globally have diabetic retinopathy, with a third of those experiencing sight-threatening DR and 7.6% having macular oedema. Diabetic retinopathy can develop in four stages, starting from mild, moving to moderate, then severe non-proliferative, and finally proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In the initial stage, the retina swells like a balloon (microaneurysm). As it progresses to the moderate stage, there is blockage of the blood vessels supplying the retina. In severe non-proliferative retinopathy, the blockage