Stroke (First part) بالانجليزية
The central nervous system (CNS) is the body's master system, allowing humans to understand, use, and act on input from their senses. It also contributes to the protection and maintenance of normal bodily functions. Regardless of the origin, neural system dysfunctions can impair one's capacity to think, reason, predict, or do basic everyday tasks. Stroke is the leading cause of adult physical, psychological, and social disability. It is a deadly disease that affects millions of individuals throughout the world. Cerebrovascular stroke ''CVS'', also known as a cerebrovascular accident ''CVA'' or ''brain attack'' is an umbrella term for the most severe, disabling, and fatal significant neurologic condition that causes a sudden loss of brain function followed by death or permanent neurological deficits and long-term disability.
Cerebrovascular stroke occurs when there is an ischemia (inadequate blood flow to a portion of the brain) or a haemorrhage into the brain. Brain cells cannot obtain the oxygen and nutrients they require from blood, resulting in cell death within a few minutes. This can result in permanent brain damage, long-term disability, or death. The damaged part of the brain controls functions like as movement, sensation, and emotions, all of which are lost or hindered. The severity of the loss of function varies depending on the location and extent of the affected brain.
The main modifiable risk factors for stroke are hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, cardiac factors, hyperlipidaemia, excessive alcohol consumption, heart disease, sedentary lifestyle, use of oral contraceptives, and stress; the non-modifiable risk factors are old age, gender, race, family history, and genetics.
Symptoms of a cerebrovascular stroke include paralysis, numbness or tingling, dizziness or weakness, slurred speech, blurred vision, aphasia or dysphagia, mental changes, impaired conscious level, and severe headache. Common stroke-related physical problems include spasticity, reduced or absent sensation, reduced muscle strength, reduced motor control, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, poor balance (static or dynamic), increased or decreased tone, and reduced proprioception.
Types of stroke include transient ischemic attack (TIA), often known as a mini-stroke, which is the most frequent type of stroke caused by a blood clot that lasts only a few minutes and causes no permanent harm. TIA could be perceived as a warning sign for a stroke. An ischaemic stroke happens when a blockage cuts off the blood supply to the brain. A haemorrhagic stroke (also known as cerebral haemorrhage or intracranial haemorrhage) occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds into the brain.
Immediate medical intervention after a stroke is critical for reducing disability and death. The treatment varies by kind and may include medications, surgery, other procedures, and rehabilitation. The most prevalent pharmaceutical therapies for stroke include antithrombotic medications which hinder the production of new blood clots, which can become lodged in a cerebral artery that is preventing blood flow to the brain and cause strokes. The most often used medicine for thrombolytic therapy is called tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). It is critical to begin t-PA treatment within three hours of an ischemic stroke for optimal recovery. Getting to the hospital straight away allows for a CT scan of the brain, which helps the doctor determine whether the clot-busting medication is the best therapeutic option.
Haemorrhagic stroke therapies include identifying and controlling the source of the bleeding. Haemorrhagic strokes necessitate surgery or other treatments to stop the bleeding and remove any pressure on the brain produced by extra fluid. Surgery and vascular procedures are also frequently performed to prevent strokes, lower the risk of another stroke, and correct artery damage or abnormalities in and around the brain. This involves the following: angioplasty is the insertion and inflation of a tiny balloon into a blocked artery to force plaque or a blood clot against the arterial wall, improving blood flow. Stenting is the implantation of a small metal tunnel, or stent, in a blocked artery. The stent assists maintain the artery open and reduces the risk of it closing again. Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical surgery in which a doctor removes fatty deposits from one of the two carotid arteries, which provide blood to the brain. Endovascular thrombectomy is the removal of a big clot with a specialised device that can suction or grip and pull the clot out.
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